Since coming to power in 2003, Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been a transformative figure in Turkish politics. Initially as Prime Minister and then as President, Erdogan has overseen significant changes in Turkey’s economic, social, and political landscape. His policies have often been controversial, yet they have undeniably shaped Turkey’s trajectory in the 21st century. This essay examines some of Erdogan’s successful policies, exploring how they have contributed to Turkey’s development, enhanced its global standing, and addressed domestic challenges.

Economic Transformation and Growth

One of the most notable successes of Erdogan’s tenure has been the transformation of Turkey’s economy. When the Justice and Development Party (AKP) first came to power, Turkey was recovering from a severe financial crisis in 2001. Under Erdogan’s leadership, the government implemented a series of economic reforms that revitalized the economy and fostered significant growth.

Macroeconomic Stability and Growth: Erdogan’s government focused on stabilizing the economy through sound fiscal policies, reducing inflation, and attracting foreign investment. Between 2002 and 2012, Turkey’s GDP more than tripled, and the country experienced an average annual growth rate of around 7%. The economic boom lifted millions out of poverty and expanded the middle class, which fueled consumer spending and further economic activity.

Infrastructure Development: Erdogan’s administration embarked on an ambitious infrastructure program, building roads, airports, bridges, and high-speed railways. Projects like the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus and the new Istanbul Airport, one of the largest in the world, symbolized Turkey’s modernizing ambitions. These infrastructure developments not only improved domestic connectivity but also positioned Turkey as a key logistics hub between Europe and Asia.

Diversification and Industrialization: Erdogan’s policies encouraged the diversification of the Turkish economy. Significant investments were made in sectors such as automotive, electronics, and machinery manufacturing, reducing the country’s reliance on traditional sectors like textiles and agriculture. This industrial growth was supported by improved regulatory frameworks and incentives for both domestic and foreign investors.

Strengthening Regional and Global Influence

Erdogan has also pursued a more assertive foreign policy, aiming to enhance Turkey’s regional and global standing. His approach, often described as “neo-Ottomanism,” seeks to leverage Turkey’s historical, cultural, and geographical assets to expand its influence.

Diplomatic Engagement: Erdogan’s government has worked to strengthen ties with neighboring countries and beyond, playing a more active role in regional diplomacy. Turkey has positioned itself as a mediator in conflicts, such as those in Libya and Syria, and has engaged in high-profile diplomatic initiatives. This proactive stance has aimed to bolster Turkey’s role as a key player in Middle Eastern and global affairs.

Soft Power and Humanitarian Efforts: Under Erdogan, Turkey has significantly increased its humanitarian aid and development assistance. The Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) has been instrumental in extending Turkish influence through aid and development projects in Africa, the Balkans, and Central Asia. These efforts have enhanced Turkey’s image and built goodwill in regions where it seeks to extend its influence.

Defense and Military Modernization: Erdogan has overseen a substantial modernization of Turkey’s military capabilities. Investments in the defense industry have led to the development of indigenous military technologies, reducing dependence on foreign arms suppliers. This has allowed Turkey to conduct more autonomous military operations, such as in Syria and against Kurdish insurgents, thereby asserting its regional influence more forcefully.

Social and Political Reforms

Domestically, Erdogan’s policies have brought both progress and controversy. While his tenure has seen significant social and political changes, his approach has often polarized Turkish society.

Healthcare and Social Welfare: Erdogan’s government has implemented substantial reforms in the healthcare sector, making healthcare more accessible and affordable for the broader population. The Health Transformation Program, launched in 2003, expanded healthcare coverage, improved hospital infrastructure, and increased the number of healthcare professionals. These changes have led to better health outcomes and increased life expectancy.

Education Reforms: Erdogan has prioritized education, increasing funding and access to schooling at all levels. New universities have been established, and the vocational training system has been expanded. These efforts aim to equip the workforce with skills needed for a modern economy and to promote social mobility.

Religious and Cultural Policies: Erdogan has advocated for the rights of religiously observant Turks, who were historically marginalized in a secular political landscape. His policies have included lifting the ban on headscarves in public institutions and expanding religious education. These measures have been popular among Erdogan’s conservative base, reflecting his broader goal of aligning the state with the cultural and religious values of a significant portion of the population.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s policies have undeniably left a profound impact on Turkey. His tenure has been marked by substantial economic growth, enhanced regional and global influence, and significant social reforms. However, these successes have been accompanied by considerable controversy and challenges, particularly regarding issues of democracy and economic sustainability. As Erdogan continues to shape Turkey’s future, the balance between his policies’ benefits and their broader implications remains a critical and ongoing debate.

Mehmet Fatih Oztarsu